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"They took away tribal language, it was forbidden. "There's a lot of PTSD from the boarding schools," he said, referring to post-traumatic stress disorder. Burns' own parents, along with many Natives in their generation, had been to boarding schools where Native children were punished for speaking their language or practicing their religions. It was part of the overall "termination policy" of the 1940s to 1950s, which included several laws aimed at ending tribal sovereignty and assimilating the Native Americans. The barstool storytellers were mostly people of Burns' parents' generation who had moved to San Francisco during the controversial Relocation Program, a 1956 law that incentivized Native Americans to leave their lands and move to cities, including San Francisco. "Many of the gay men, the elders back then, the only outlet back then was the gay bars," Burns added. "A lot of the stories were shared by gay elders. "We did our own tribal research," Burns said. Part of the meetings was sharing whatever they knew about their histories. It was a small group of LGBT Natives who met in the basement of the old Indian Center at Valencia and Duboce. "When GAI started, it was a social club," Burns said. They were called sodomites, sinners and "berdaches," a French word meaning "kept boy." The historical literature was sparse and riddled with biased descriptions of Natives with diverse sexual orientations and gender identities. There's two-spirit encampments and gatherings in the summer months," said Clyde Hall, a founding member of GAI. "Today there are two-spirit movements all over in the country. At least 25 organizations exist for two-spirit people around the U.S., and multiple annual gatherings bring two-spirit people from around the world together. Now, two-spirit is a widely used umbrella term for the diverse gender and sexual identities in North American Native cultures. It's what you brought home to your people."Ģ015 marks 40 years since Burns, a gay man, co-founded GAI along with the late Barbara Cameron.
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Most Native cultures had diverse concepts of sex and gender.Īs Burns said, "It was not about what you had between your legs. The Zuni language already had a gender role for people like We'wha, called Lhamana. That burial was in 1896, about a century before the term two-spirit would be coined. "Talk about a traditional two-spirit person," Burns said. In the end, they buried We'wha on the women's side, dressed in women's clothing, but with a pair of pants underneath. And the men said no, he sat in ceremony with us, he's a dude."
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We taught her how to make pottery, we taught her how to weave. The women went and were fighting with the men. So they had a big catfight about what cemetery he belongs in. "When We'wha passed away into the spirit world," Burns said, "you know, the Zuni village at the time was separated. "By today's standards, We'wha would be a transgender or third gender person," Burns said.īurns is a co-founder of Gay American Indians, the first organization for queer Natives in the country. We'wha was a 19th century Zuni artist and priestess, a "cultural ambassador" who famously met with President Grover Cleveland. Over breakfast at Sam's Diner, Randy Burns is telling the story of We'wha.